Demodulation and Detection Schemes for a Memoryless Optical WDM Channel

It is well known that matched filtering and sampling (MFS) demodulation together with minimum Euclidean distance (MD) detection constitute the optimal receiver for the additive white Gaussian noise channel. However, for a general nonlinear transmission medium, MFS does not provide sufficient statistics, and therefore is suboptimal. Nonetheless, this receiver is widely used in optical systems, where the Kerr nonlinearity is the dominant impairment at high powers. In this paper, we consider a suite of receivers for a two-user channel subject to a type of nonlinear interference that occurs in wavelength-division-multiplexed channels. The asymptotes of the symbol error rate (SER) of the considered receivers at high powers are derived or bounded analytically. Moreover, Monte-Carlo simulations are conducted to evaluate the SER for all the receivers. Our results show that receivers that are based on MFS cannot achieve arbitrary low SERs, whereas the SER goes to zero as the power grows for the optimal receiver. Furthermore, we devise a heuristic demodulator, which together with the MD detector yields a receiver that is simpler than the optimal one and can achieve arbitrary low SERs. The SER performance of the proposed receivers is also evaluated for some single-span fiber-optical channels via split-step Fourier simulations

Amplitude-Based Sequential Optimization of Energy Harvesting with Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) have gained immense popularity in recent years because of their ability to improve wireless coverage and their flexibility to adapt to the changes in a wireless environment. These advantages are due to RISs' ability to control and manipulate radio frequency (RF) wave propagation. RISs may be deployed in inaccessible locations where it is difficult or expensive to connect to the power grid. Energy harvesting can enable the RIS to self-sustain its operations without relying on external power sources. In this paper, we consider the problem of energy harvesting for RISs in the absence of coordination with the ambient RF source. We consider both direct and indirect energy harvesting scenarios and show that the same mathematical model applies to them. We propose a sequential phase-alignment algorithm that maximizes the received power based on only power measurements. We prove the convergence of the proposed algorithm to the optimal value under specific circumstances. Our simulation results show that the proposed algorithm converges to the optimal solution in a few iterations and outperforms the random phase update method in terms of the number of required measurements.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures, Accepted at an IEEE Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers conferenc

A Low-Complexity Near-Optimal Detector for Multispan Zero-Dispersion Fiber-Optic Channels

We design a novel receiver based on the theoretical finding that the linear phase noise is uncorrelated with the nonlinear phase noise. The implementation of the proposed receiver is straightforward and it performs almost equally to the optimal detector at a much lower complexity

RF Wireless Power Transfer for IoT Applications

With the emergence of the Internet of things (IoT) networks, the replacement of batteries for IoT devices became challenging. In particular, the battery replacement is more expensive and cumbersome for scenarios where there are many IoT devices; or where the IoT devices are in unreachable locations; or when they have to be replaced often. Some IoT devices might be lost or forgotten, and there is a risk of hazardous chemicals leakage and e-waste in large scale in nature. Radio frequency (RF) wireless power transfer (WPT) is an alternative technology for powering those devices. It has been shown that only less than one millionth of the transmitted energy is absorbed by the receivers, the rest is absorbed by the objects in the environment. We can utilize the existing infrastructure for wireless communications such as base stations (BS) to charge IoT devices. The present work is devoted to analyze the feasibility and limitations of the battery-less operation of IoT devices with RF WPT technology and energy harvesting from existing infrastructure for wireless communications. We study the indoor and outdoor scenarios for powering of IoT devices. In the first scenario, we consider an outdoor environment where an IoT device periodically harvests energy from an existing BS and transmits a data packet related to the sensor measurement under shadow fading channel conditions. We analyze the limits (e.g., coverage range) of energy harvesting from a BS for powering IoT devices. We characterize the "epsilon-coverage range, where" is the probability of the coverage. Our analysis shows a tradeoff between the coverage range and the rate of sensor measurements, where the maximal "epsilon-coverage range is achieved as the sensor measurement rate approaches zero. We demonstrate that the summation of the sleep power consumption and the harvesting sensitivity power of an IoT device limits the maximal "epsilon-coverage range. Beyond that range, the IoT device cannot harvest enough energy to operate. The desired rate of the sensor measurements also significantly impacts the "epsilon-coverage range. We also compare the operational domain in terms of the range and measurement rate for the WPT and battery-powered technologies. In the second scenario, we consider the remote powering of IoT devices inside an aircraft. Sensors currently deployed on board have wired connectivity, which increases weight and maintenance costs for aircraft. Removing cables for wireless communications of sensors on board alleviates the cost, however, the powering of sensors becomes a challenge inside aircraft. We assume that the IoT devices have fixed and known locations inside an aircraft. The design problem is to minimize the number of WPT transmitters given constraints based on the cabin geometry and duty cycle of the IoT devices. We formulate a robust optimization problem to address the WPT system design under channel uncertainties. We also derive an equivalent integer linear programming and solve that for an optimal deployment to satisfy the duty cycle requirements of the cabin sensors.QC 20220223</p

RF Wireless Power Transfer for IoT Applications

With the emergence of the Internet of things (IoT) networks, the replacement of batteries for IoT devices became challenging. In particular, the battery replacement is more expensive and cumbersome for scenarios where there are many IoT devices; or where the IoT devices are in unreachable locations; or when they have to be replaced often. Some IoT devices might be lost or forgotten, and there is a risk of hazardous chemicals leakage and e-waste in large scale in nature. Radio frequency (RF) wireless power transfer (WPT) is an alternative technology for powering those devices. It has been shown that only less than one millionth of the transmitted energy is absorbed by the receivers, the rest is absorbed by the objects in the environment. We can utilize the existing infrastructure for wireless communications such as base stations (BS) to charge IoT devices. The present work is devoted to analyze the feasibility and limitations of the battery-less operation of IoT devices with RF WPT technology and energy harvesting from existing infrastructure for wireless communications. We study the indoor and outdoor scenarios for powering of IoT devices. In the first scenario, we consider an outdoor environment where an IoT device periodically harvests energy from an existing BS and transmits a data packet related to the sensor measurement under shadow fading channel conditions. We analyze the limits (e.g., coverage range) of energy harvesting from a BS for powering IoT devices. We characterize the "epsilon-coverage range, where" is the probability of the coverage. Our analysis shows a tradeoff between the coverage range and the rate of sensor measurements, where the maximal "epsilon-coverage range is achieved as the sensor measurement rate approaches zero. We demonstrate that the summation of the sleep power consumption and the harvesting sensitivity power of an IoT device limits the maximal "epsilon-coverage range. Beyond that range, the IoT device cannot harvest enough energy to operate. The desired rate of the sensor measurements also significantly impacts the "epsilon-coverage range. We also compare the operational domain in terms of the range and measurement rate for the WPT and battery-powered technologies. In the second scenario, we consider the remote powering of IoT devices inside an aircraft. Sensors currently deployed on board have wired connectivity, which increases weight and maintenance costs for aircraft. Removing cables for wireless communications of sensors on board alleviates the cost, however, the powering of sensors becomes a challenge inside aircraft. We assume that the IoT devices have fixed and known locations inside an aircraft. The design problem is to minimize the number of WPT transmitters given constraints based on the cabin geometry and duty cycle of the IoT devices. We formulate a robust optimization problem to address the WPT system design under channel uncertainties. We also derive an equivalent integer linear programming and solve that for an optimal deployment to satisfy the duty cycle requirements of the cabin sensors.QC 20220223</p

An application of an integrated ANP–QFD framework for sustainable supplier selection

This study provides a novel integrated multi-criteria decision-making approach to sustainable supplier selection problems. Despite the large supply chain management literature on green performance measurement, the need for a systematic analysis of how specific sustainable variables develop and affect each other remains mostly overlooked. The proposed integrated framework allows for such an analysis. By combining analytic network process and quality function deployment, our model identifies a clear hierarchical structure for all the relevant sustainable factors and sub-factors while weighting the decision criteria based on the importance given to customer requirements. Finally, suppliers are ranked using a multi-objective optimisation procedure based on ratio analysis and weighted aggregated sum product assessment. The proposed framework is used to analyse a case study of a dairy company, but it can be easily implemented for supplier selection by any other company with similar features.Sin financiación0.771 SJR (2017) Q1, 18/116 Management Information Systems, 69/948 Control and Systems Engineering, 63/1233 Information Systems; Q2, 150/2290 Computer Science Applications, 53/155 Management Science and Operations Research,UE

A rough based multi-criteria evaluation method for healthcare waste disposal location decisions

Healthcare waste disposal management is one of the biggest day-to-day challenges faced by healthcare providers and urban municipalities. Poor management of healthcare waste can cause serious problems for healthcare workers, patients, and the general public. Healthcare providers and urban planners usually struggle with the action of locating an appropriate waste disposal center in a municipal area. Healthcare waste disposal location planning is a difficult task due to complexities inherent in the evaluation of alternative locations according to multiple and often competing criteria. We propose a new best-worst method with interval rough numbers (IRN) for healthcare waste disposal location decisions. A new IRN Dombi-Bonferroni (IRNDBM) means the operator is also introduced to process the rough data because of the unavailability of precise information. A case study at a private hospital in Madrid is presented to demonstrate the applicability and exhibit the efficacy of the proposed multi-criteria evaluation method

Efficiency measurement in data envelopment analysis in the presence of ordinal and interval data

Several methods have been proposed in data envelopment analysis (DEA) for measuring efficiency in problems with interval or ordinal data. In this study, we review the weaknesses and drawbacks of these methods and show how converting ordinal or interval data into precise data can lead to violations of established DEA axioms. One of the axioms violated by these conversion processes is the inclusion of observations axiom, which requires a consistent definition of the production possibility set. We describe the special properties of ordinal and interval data together with their effect on the DEA-based rankings using a theorem and an example. We also propose a new algorithm and apply random dataset generation to overcome the problems arising from violations of the inclusion of observations axiom in DEA settings with ordinal or internal data. Several numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the applicability and exhibit the efficacy of the proposed method

A study on the moral dimensions and criminological angles of rent-seeking in society

زمینه و هدف: رانت‌خواری به ذاته به عنوان مفسده‌ای اخلاقی محل بحث و مناقشه است، لیکن بازخوانی مفهومی و پیامدشناختی این پدیده، آن را به مثابه عملی غیر اخلاقی که دیگر ساحت‌های اخلاق را نیز در جامعه متأثر می‌سازد، نمایان می‌کند. در زمان حاضر، رانت‌خواری، با مفهومی گسترده علاوه بر عرصه اقتصادی، در حیطه‌های مختلف سیاسی و اجتماعی سایه افکنده است و معنای آن، دریافت منافع مالی و غیر مالی نامشروع با بهره‌گیری از زمینه‌ها و عوامل رانتی نظیر تصویب قانون، اعطای مجوز، ایجاد انحصار و دسترسی به اطلاعات است که به بهای نقض شایسته‌سالاری و اعمال تبعیض و اضرار به دیگران ارتکاب می‌یابد. این مطالعه با هدف تبیین آثار اخلاقی و جرم‌شناختی پدیده رانت‌خواری در جامعه انجام شده است. مواد و روش‌ها: روش پژوهش حاضر توصیفی ـ تحلیلی است و با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه‌ای انجام می‌یابد. ملاحظات اخلاقی: اصول مربوطه به اخلاق در پژوهش و به ویژه امانتداری در استناد به متون و ارجاعات مقاله، رعایت گردیده است. یافته‌ها: مداقه اخلاقی و جرم‌شناختی در بازتاب‌های پدیده رانت‌خواری در جامعه، مبین این واقعیت است که گسترش رانت‌جویی و رانت‌خواری، به خصوص از مجاری افزایش تبعیض و بی عدالتی، اضرار به دیگران، فقر و بیکاری، نهادینه‌سازی فساد رفتاری، تضعیف اخلاق عمومی، تعمیق شکاف طبقاتی، دوقطبی‌شدن اجتماع، پیامدهای سوءاقتصادی، سیاسی و فرهنگی عدیده‌ای را برای اجتماع در پی خواهد داشت. نتیجه‌گیری: به واسطه ماهیت رانت‌خواری و ملزومات ارتکاب آن، می‌توان دریافت که مزید بر تنزل فرهنگ اخلاقی و نقض عدالت و شایسته‌سالاری، گسترش این عمل رابطه‌ای هم‌افزا با توسعه و تکثر جرائم، به ویژه جرائم اقتصادی نظیر رشا و ارتشا، تحصیل مال نامشروع، سوءاستفاده از مقام و موقعیت، پولشویی، احتکار، زمین‌خواری، اختلاس و... برقرار می‌نماید، لذا شایسته است در سه جهت فرهنگ‌سازی، حذف زمینه‌های رانتی و جرم‌انگاری، با این پدیده مقابله مؤثر شود.Background and Aim: Rent-seeking is inherently controversial as a moral corruptor but the conceptual and consequential study of this phenomenon makes it appear as an immoral practice that affects other areas of ethics in society. At present, rent seeking, in a broad sense, in addition to the economic field, has entered to various political and social contexts and it means, receiving illegitimate financial and non-financial benefits by using the grounds and factors of rent seeking; such as law enforcement, License, create monopoly and access to information. These are committed at the cost of violating meritocracy and causing discrimination and harm to others. This study aims to explain the moral and criminological effects of rent seeking in society. Materials and Methods: The method of the research is descriptive-analytical and has done using library resources. Ethical Considerations: Principles related to research ethics and especially fidelity has observed in citing the sources and references of the article. Findings: Ethical and criminological examination of the reflections of rent seeking in society, shows that the spread of rent-seeking, will have many negative economic, political and cultural consequences for society especially through the channels of increasing discrimination and injustice, harm to others, poverty and unemployment, institutionalization of corruption, weakening of public morality, deepening of the class divide, polarization of society. Conclusion: Due to the nature of rent-seeking and the circumstances of its commission, it can be seen that in addition to reducing the moral culture and violating justice and meritocracy, the expansion of this practice has a synergistic relationship with the development and multiplicity of crimes; specially economic crimes such as bribery, obtaining illegitimate property, abuse of position, money laundering, hoarding, land grabbing, embezzlement, etc. so, it is necessary to deal with this phenomenon effectively in three directions: Culturalize, elimination of rent fields and criminalization. &nbsp; Cite this article as: Gorgin Akbarabadi E, Najafi Tavana A, Naji Zavareh M, Shambayati H. A Reading on the Moral and Criminological Dimensions of the Prevalence of Rent-Seeking in Society. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e11